Glossary

Subsidiarity

The principle that matters should be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized authority capable of doing so effectively.

Also called: principle of subsidiarity

Subsidiarity holds that decisions and responsibilities should rest with the level closest to the people affected, such as the family, neighborhood or local government, with larger bodies stepping in only when smaller ones cannot manage. It is both a social principle and a rule for dividing authority.

The term was developed in Catholic social teaching, notably in Pope Pius XI's 1931 encyclical Quadragesimo Anno, which warned against larger organizations absorbing functions that smaller ones could perform. It also appears in the law of the European Union, which applies it to the relationship between the EU and its member states. Its spirit is close to federalism and to Edmund Burke's little platoons, though the idea of subsidiarity also implies that higher authority has a duty to help when needed.

Conservatives often cite it to defend local control of schools, charities and policy, and to criticize centralization. Supporters on the left have also invoked it to argue for community-level responses or, conversely, that the principle justifies national action when local bodies cannot cope. Critics point out that it does not settle who decides what the "lowest competent level" is. It supports civil society and limited government arguments.

Last reviewed November 8, 2026

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Related terms

Federalism A system dividing governing power between a national government and state governments, each with its own sphere of authority. Civil society The network of voluntary associations, such as families, churches, clubs and charities, that exist between the individual and the state. Little platoons Edmund Burke's phrase for the small local groups, such as families and neighborhoods, that form the basis of public affection and civic life. Limited government The principle that government power should be restricted by a constitution or law to defined purposes, leaving most matters to individuals and society. Natural law The view that there is a moral order discoverable by reason that binds all people and against which human laws can be measured.