Glossary

Equality of outcome

The idea that policy should aim to produce similar results, such as incomes or representation, across individuals or groups.

Also called: equity, outcome equality, egalitarianism of results

Equality of outcome is the goal of making the results of economic and social life, such as income, wealth, education or representation in various fields, the same or closer across individuals or groups. It contrasts with equality of opportunity, which focuses on the fairness of the process.

Some proposals associated with it include steeply progressive taxation, wealth redistribution, guaranteed incomes and policies that aim for proportional representation of groups in institutions. In recent debates, the term "equity" is used by many advocates to describe efforts that adjust support to reach comparable results, and some critics treat it as a synonym for equality of outcome, while supporters say that equity means giving people what they need for a fair chance and is not about identical results.

Conservatives and libertarians commonly argue that equal outcomes are neither achievable nor desirable without coercion, since people differ in choices and talents, and that mandated equality undermines incentives, the claim of socialist critics such as Hayek. Egalitarians argue that large disparities are themselves unjust, and that unequal outcomes often reflect unequal starting points. The debate often surfaces around diversity, equity and inclusion and tax policy.

Last reviewed November 8, 2026

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Related terms

Equality of opportunity The principle that people should have the same chance to succeed, judged by talent and effort and not by birth, race or connections. Socialism An economic and political system in which the means of production are owned or controlled collectively or by the state rather than privately. Collectivism The view that the group, whether class, nation or community, takes priority over the individual in setting values and policies. Diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) Organizational policies and programs aimed at diversity of people, equitable treatment and inclusion, which have become contested politically. Marxism The body of social and economic theory derived from Karl Marx, centered on class conflict and the replacement of capitalism.