Glossary

Constitutional republic

A system in which officials chosen by the people govern under a constitution that limits their power and protects rights.

Also called: republic, representative democracy, republican government

A constitutional republic is a form of government in which the head of state is not a hereditary monarch, power is exercised by representatives elected by the citizens and those representatives are bound by a written constitution. The United States describes itself this way; Article IV guarantees each state "a Republican Form of Government."

The founders contrasted a republic with a "pure democracy," in which citizens vote directly on laws. In Federalist No. 10, James Madison argued that representation, a large territory and many competing interests would help to filter public opinion and guard against factions. The Constitution adds separation of powers, bicameralism, federalism and protections for individual rights to restrain majorities.

The phrase "we're a republic, not a democracy," is popular on the right and sometimes in other circles, but political scientists note that the U.S. is both: a representative democracy within constitutional limits. Debates concern how much direct democracy, such as ballot initiatives and the popular election of judges, fits the republican model, and how far the courts should check majorities. See also popular sovereignty and tyranny of the majority.

Last reviewed November 8, 2026

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Related terms

Popular sovereignty The principle that ultimate political authority resides in the people, who delegate it to government. Tyranny of the majority The danger that a democratic majority will use its power to override the rights and interests of minorities. Separation of powers The constitutional division of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches, each with its own distinct powers. The Federalist Papers A series of 85 essays from 1787-1788 by Hamilton, Madison and Jay urging ratification of the Constitution. Limited government The principle that government power should be restricted by a constitution or law to defined purposes, leaving most matters to individuals and society.