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The Armed Forces founders' library
The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 Lincoln's January 1, 1863 order, issued as a war measure, declaring free the enslaved people in areas in rebellion and opening Union service to Black men. Federalist No. 2: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay argues that Americans are one people with shared ancestry, language, religion and principles, and that union is the best guarantee of their safety. Federalist No. 23: The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union Hamilton argues that defense powers must be unlimited because the dangers to a nation cannot be foreseen, and must rest with the national government. Federalist No. 24: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered Hamilton answers the complaint that the Constitution lacks a ban on peacetime armies, pointing to frontier garrisons and the need for a navy. Federalist No. 25: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered (Continued) Hamilton argues that restrictions on defense that cannot be observed weaken respect for the Constitution, and that militia alone cannot meet a regular army. Federalist No. 26: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered Hamilton traces the English roots of fear of standing armies and argues the Constitution's two-year limit on army appropriations is a real safeguard. Federalist No. 27: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered (Continued) Hamilton argues that federal laws reaching individuals, and the habit of familiarity, will win respect for the national government without large force. Federalist No. 28: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered (Continued) Hamilton argues that emergency force may sometimes be needed, and that the people and the state governments remain the final check against national tyranny. Federalist No. 29: Concerning the Militia Hamilton defends Congress's power to organize and discipline the militia and ridicules the fear that the militia could become an instrument of tyranny. Federalist No. 3: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence (Continued) Jay argues that one national government will avoid war better than rival confederacies, by keeping treaties and speaking with one voice. Federalist No. 4: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence (Continued) Jay argues that nations go to war when they expect to gain, that trade rivals would eye a divided America, and that one government defends best. Federalist No. 5: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence (Continued) Jay cites the history of Britain to argue that divided American confederacies would grow jealous of one another and would not remain peaceable neighbors. Federalist No. 6: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States Hamilton argues from history that nations, republics and traders included, go to war from passion and gain, so disunited states would not stay at peace. Federalist No. 7: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States (Continued) Hamilton names concrete sources of conflict among disunited states: western lands, trade rivalries, the public debt, and laws that violate contracts. Federalist No. 8: The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States Hamilton argues that wars between disunited states would force standing armies and stronger executives on them, endangering liberty. Federalist No. 9: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection Hamilton answers critics of republics by arguing that new political science and a federal Union of states can control faction and insurrection.